ʻO nā pono a me nā hemahema o nā papa hoʻokahe wai e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou laulā o ka hoʻohana. He aha nā pono a me nā hemahema o nā papa hoʻokahe wai? E pane ʻoe iā lākou pākahi. Loaʻa i ka papa hoʻokahe wai nā pono o ke kūkulu kūpono, ka wā kūkulu pōkole, ʻaʻohe pono no ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻaʻohe mana o ka mahana, ka liʻiliʻi o ka haumia o ke kaiapuni, ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka papa e like me nā koi hoʻolālā, ka maʻalahi o ka helu ʻana i nā mea a me ka hoʻokele kahua kūkulu, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ʻoki i nā kihi, ka mānoanoa o ka papa awelika, Hiki iā ia ke kāohi pono i ke kaumaha o ka papa kumu i ka wā e hoʻomoe hakahaka ana (hiki iā ia ke pili i ka pono o ka papa wai ʻole i ka wā he māwae nui ka papa kumu).
Nā hemahema o ka papa hoʻokahe wai Pono e ana ʻia ka papa hoʻokahe wai a ʻokiʻoki ʻia e like me ke ʻano o ka papa kumu wai ʻole. Pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka papa kumu me nā ʻano paʻakikī i nā ʻāpana he nui, a he paʻakikī ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā hui e uhi ana i nā membrane wai ʻole. He mea hoʻonaninani koʻikoʻi ka papa hoʻokahe wai. He aha nā ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka papa hoʻokahe wai?
He kūpono nā papa hoʻokahe wai no nā papahana like ʻole, a he ākea loa ka laulā o ka noi. Hoʻohana ʻia no nā papahana ʻōmaʻomaʻo: ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka hale kaʻa, māla hale, ʻōmaʻomaʻo kū pololei, ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka hale inclined, kahua pôpeku, kahua kolepa. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenekinia kūlanakauhale: kahua mokulele, subgrade alanui, subway, tunnel, dregs landfill.
Hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻenekinia kuhikuhipuʻuone: nā papahele o luna a i ʻole lalo o nā hale, nā paia ākea o loko a me waho a me nā papa lalo, nā kaupaku, nā papa insulation anti-seepage a me ka thermal o ka hale, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana ʻia i nā papahana mālama wai: wai anti-seepage o nā waihona wai, nā waihona wai a me ka wai anti-seepage o nā loko hana. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenekinia kaʻa: alaloa, subgrade alahao, embankment a me ka pale pali.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-13-2025
